Personhood Essays -- essays research papers

PersonhoodWhat is a person? That sounds like a harmless question, but the rejoinder can get very complicated. Is a person just a lump of skin, muscles, bones, and other materials? Is a person something immaterial like a assessment or a soul? Or is a person a combination of these two things? Really thither is no right answer, and it all depends on the point of view that you hold. First of all, what is a body? Some claim that a body is, like I said before, a lump of skin, muscles, bones, and other materials. Some say it is more than that. These community agree that the body is make up of skin, muscles, bones, etc., but they think the whole essence of personhood is in the body. They dont believe in souls or minds, and they think that biological processes are the that processes that take place in a body. And when these processes cease to take place, death occurs, and since, to these people, a person is a body, life ends, and that is it. There is no after life, because there is not hing other than the body, and the body is gone. It is very true that biological things happen in your body, but are there other things that happen too?That takes me to my close question what is a soul? This question is a little harder to explain. To most people a soul is an essence, an invisible, immaterial entity. Most people associate a soul with the spiritual world. They say that a person is who they are because of their soul, not because of their body... Personhood Essays -- essays search papers PersonhoodWhat is a person? That sounds like a harmless question, but the answer can get very complicated. Is a person just a lump of skin, muscles, bones, and other materials? Is a person something immaterial like a mind or a soul? Or is a person a combination of these two things? Really there is no right answer, and it all depends on the point of view that you hold. First of all, what is a body? Some say that a body is, like I said before, a lump of skin, muscles, bon es, and other materials. Some say it is more than that. These people agree that the body is made up of skin, muscles, bones, etc., but they think the whole essence of personhood is in the body. They dont believe in souls or minds, and they think that biological processes are the only processes that take place in a body. And when these processes cease to take place, death occurs, and since, to these people, a person is a body, life ends, and that is it. There is no after life, because there is nothing other than the body, and the body is gone. It is very true that biological things happen in your body, but are there other things that happen too?That takes me to my next question what is a soul? This question is a little harder to explain. To most people a soul is an essence, an invisible, immaterial entity. Most people associate a soul with the spiritual world. They say that a person is who they are because of their soul, not because of their body...

Rasmussens Encephalitis :: essays research papers

The human immune governance is an amazing system that is constantly on the alert protecting us from sicknesses. Thousands of white blood cells travel in our circulatory system destroying all foreign substances that could cause harm to our body or to any of the millions of processes going on inside. Now imagine a condition where this awesome system turns against the most complex organ in the human body, the brain. Deadly as it is, this condition is cognize as Rasmussens encephalitis.The meaningful research on Rasmussens encephalitis was begun (unintentionally) by Scott Rogers and Lorise Gahring, two neurologists, who were at the time measuring the distribution of glutamate receptors in the brain. posterior on when more provocative information was put they enlisted the help of James McNamara and Ian Andrews, epilepsy experts at Duke University Medical Center.The details on Rasmussens encephalitis were very blunt at the time when the men began their research. All that was known i s that Rasmussens encephalitis was a degenerative disease of the brain that caused seizures, hemiparesis, and dementia normally in the rootage ten years of life. The seizures that were caused by Rasmussens encephalitis were unstoppable by normal anti-seizure drugs used conventionally. What the worst part of the disease was that the pathogenesis for it were not known and stock-still worse was how it developed. The first clue was delivered when Rogers and Gahring were trying to register the distribution of the glutamate receptors using antibodies, that tag on to the receptor itself. The proteins that make up the glutamate receptors(GluR) are only found inside the blood brain barrier(BBB). Glutamate and a few related amino acids are the dominant form of excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. If one of these GluRs happens to wander into the actual bloodstream, that is outside the BBB, it would be considered an outsider and destroyed immediately. So if th ese GluRs were put into the normal blood stream then the immune system would produce antibodies which could then be used in the searching for the glutamate receptors.In order to test this theory the researchers injected the GluRs into the blood stream of a normal bouncing rabbit hoping to produce good results. At this point the experiment took a dramatic turn, after receiving a few doses of the protein two of the three rabbits began to twitch, as though they were suffering the pain of an epileptic seizure.

How Does Iago Persuade Othello Essay -- essays research papers

In Act 3 Scene 3, how does Iago persuade Othello of Desdemona&8217s supposed infidelity?Act 3 Scene 3 is, arguably, the most(prenominal) important scene in the entire play, for it is the point of no return. It is as if for the entire beginning of the play you were pushing a huge boulder up a steep mountain, and in this scene you reach the top, and push it down the other side, helpless to stop it. This is how I see the action in Othello. Iago spends the building block time plotting, and conspiring with the audience, and in this scene you can actually pinpoint the line where he finally pushes Othello over the edge. Iago manages this in several ways, through imagery, &8216sewing the origin&8217 in Othello&8217s mind, and reverse psychology. However all of these ways boil down to one thing, Iago, throughout the play, plays on Othello&8217s own insecurities about race, and Desdemona.Iago&8217s language throughout the scene is very rich and amazingly descriptive so much so that it actu ally acts as a projector, projecting vivid, light pictures into the audience&8217s, and more importantly, Othello&8217s mind. This is more evident in the later part of the scene, and there is one particular speech I wish to isolate. Iago&8217s speech, lines 407 to 423, is where the richest image is created in the scene. He is describing a night through which he lay with Cassio, and witnessed a so-called dream. In this dream, Cassio is meant to have said &8220S...

Janie’s Growth in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Es

Janies Growth in Their Eyes Were reflexion theology by Zora Neale Hurston In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie has allowed us to better understand the restraints that women in society had to deal with in a male dominate society. Her marriage with Logan Killicks consisted of dull, daily routines. Wedding herself to Joe Starks brought her closer to others, than to herself. In her final marriage to Vergible Woods, also known as Tea Cake, she finally learned how to live her sprightliness on her own. In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie suffered through many difficult situations that eventually enabled her to grow into an independent person. Janie Crawford was forced into a relationship with Logan Killicks unwillingly by her Grandmother, Nanny. When marrying Logan, she had to learn to love him for who he was and what he did. She never had the chance to know him before marriage. In the text, she says, Ahll cut de ptaters fuh yuh. When y ou comin back?. (Hurston, 26) This was something that she did not enjoy doing. She had to follow his directions and do as she was told. Janie was trapped in this marriage with no self-esteem. She was dependent on Logan when it came to doing things such as chores around the house. As time passed, Logan had told her, If Ah kin haul de woodland heah and chop it fuh yuh, look lak you oughta be able tuh tote it inside.... You d adept been spoilt rotten. (Hurston, 25). Day after day, she would follow his directions, being so dependent on his orders until one day, Joe Starks came into her life. Joe Starks was a man who had promised Janie the best if she left Logan Killicks. Janie, if you think Ah aims to told you off and make a dog o... ...ance Passion, Patriarchy, and the Modern Marriage Plot. The Coupling Convention Sex, Text and usage in Black Womens Fiction. New York Oxford UP, 1993. 110-142. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937). Urbana, Ill. U of Illinois P, 1937. Interpretations Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Kayano, Yoshiko. Burden, Escape, and Natures Role A Study of Janies training in Their Eyes Were Watching God. Publications of the Mississippi Philological Association (1998) 36-44. (ILL - not yet received) Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. Tuh de Horizon and Back The Female Quest in Their Eyes Were Watching God. Modern Critical Williams, Shirley Anne. Forward. Their Eyes Were Watching God. By Zora Neale Hurston. New York Bantam-Dell, 1937. xv

Germany :: essays research papers

And in the midst of the Japan crisis there is Germany. Germany had no idea that they were really losing WWI. They finally found come in by reading it in the paper and this caused great psychological shock. Their leaders had lied to them. Germany thought they had lost in an unfair fight. Nazis verbalise that the Jews had stabbed them in the back. And they were humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles. In 1923 the currency was so inflated that it wiped out the savings of the middle class of Germany. They did recover some successfulness during 1923-1929 but the economy had not completely recovered. By the 1930s their economy had stabilized due to American loans. The Great Depression had really hit Germany hard.This is what gave Hitler is materialise to move. He promised to restore jobs to Germans, which he did to some degree. Hitler was a Nazi. Nazis denounced communism, rejected democracy, believed in the right of the individual, and anti-seminitism (Jews were to blame for all the Ge rmanys problems).Germany had no comprehensive knowledge. They said that there was only a German science and a German math. And that Physics was a Jewish discipline. Germany lost some of its tether physicists because of this view, and even today in 1999 they have never regained their stature in science.Hitler wanted to reunite all the German people. He wanted to restore Vokdeutsch. So he took over the Rhineland and Austria. Then he stepped into Sudetenland and thats when problems began. He said that they were German and that it should be his land. Well, Chamberlain basically gives Sudetenland to Hitler because he thought it was a way to cancel contend with him. But Hitler wants a war really bad. But March 15, 1939 Hitler takes over ALL of Czechoslovakia. This is a clear sign of aggression. But he didnt want to fight a two front war, so on Aug 23, 1939 he signed a non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin of Russia. This amazed the world because this was his biggest enemy. Well, this freed Hitlers men to make war in the east. And on Sept 1, 1939 German army invades Poland. Poland quickly falls to Hitlers blitzkriegs. Well, Britain and France had given Poland sovereignty so they go to war with Germany. Well, Russia then moves in to Poland and basically splits it down the middle with Germany.

Germany :: essays research papers

And in the midst of the Japan crisis there is Germany. Germany had no idea that they were really losing WWI. They finally found out by reading it in the paper and this caused great psychological shock. Their leaders had lied to them. Germany thought they had lost in an unfair fight. Nazis express that the Jews had stabbed them in the back. And they were humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles. In 1923 the currency was so inflated that it wiped out the savings of the middle class of Germany. They did recover some prosperity during 1923-1929 barely the economy had not completely recovered. By the 1930s their economy had stabilized due to American loans. The Great Depression had really hit Germany hard.This is what gave Hitler is chance to move. He promised to restore jobs to Germans, which he did to some degree. Hitler was a Nazi. Nazis denounced communism, rejected democracy, believed in the right of the individual, and anti-seminitism (Jews were to blame for all the Germanys proble ms).Germany had no universal knowledge. They said that there was only a German science and a German math. And that Physics was a Jewish discipline. Germany lost some of its leading physicists because of this view, and point today in 1999 they have never regained their stature in science.Hitler requisiteed to reunite all the German people. He wanted to restore Vokdeutsch. So he took over the Rhineland and Austria. Then he stepped into Sudetenland and thats when problems began. He said that they were German and that it should be his land. Well, Chamberlain basically gives Sudetenland to Hitler because he thought it was a way to avoid war with him. But Hitler wants a war really bad. But March 15, 1939 Hitler takes over ALL of Czechoslovakia. This is a clear sign of aggression. But he didnt want to fight a two front war, so on Aug 23, 1939 he signed a non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin of Russia. This amazed the world because this was his biggest enemy. Well, this freed Hitlers h ands to devise war in the east. And on Sept 1, 1939 German army invades Poland. Poland quickly falls to Hitlers blitzkriegs. Well, Britain and France had given Poland sovereignty so they go to war with Germany. Well, Russia wherefore moves in to Poland and basically splits it down the middle with Germany.

Is Jesus God

Is deliveryman God? Have you ever met a man who is the center of attention wherever he goes? Some mysterious, indefinable characteristic sets him apart(predicate) from in all former(a) men. Well, thats the way it was two thousand years ago with Jesus Christ. But it wasnt merely Jesus personality that captivated those who heard him. Those who witnessed his words and intent tell us that something about Jesus of Nazareth was different from all other men. Jesus only credentials were himself. He never wrote a book, commanded an rmy, held a political office, or owned property.He mostly traveled within a hundred miles of his village, attracting crowds who were amazed at his provocative words and stunning deeds. Yet Jesus greatness was obvious to all those who saw and heard him. And while most great people eventually fade into history books, Jesus is still the focus of thousands of books and unparalleled media rock. And much of that controversy revolves around the radical claims Jesus m ade about himselfclaims that astounded both his followers and his adversaries.It was primarily Jesus unique claims that caused him to be viewed as a threat by both the Roman authorities and the Jewish hierarchy. Although he was an outsider with no credentials or political powerbase, within three years, Jesus changed the world for the coterminous 20 centuries. Other moral and religious leaders find left an impact but nothing like that unknown carpenters son from Nazareth. What was it about Jesus Christ that made the difference? Was he merely a great man, or something more? These questions get to the heart of who Jesus really was.Some deliberate he was merely a great moral teacher others believe he was simply the leader of the worlds greatest religion. But many believe something far more. Christians believe that God has actually visited us in merciful form. And they believe the evidence backs that up. After carefully examining Jesus life and words, former Cambridge professor and s keptic, C. S. Lewis, came to a startling closedown about him that altered the course of his life. So who is the real Jesus? Many will answer that Jesus was a great moral teacher.As we take a deeper look at the worlds most controversial person, we begin by asking could Jesus have been merely a great moral teacher? keen Moral Teacher? Even those from other religions acknowledge that Jesus was a great moral teacher. Indian leader, Mahatma Gandhi, spoke highly of Jesus righteous life and heavy(a) words. l Likewise, Jewish scholar Joseph Klausner wrote, It is universally admitted that Christ taught the purest and sublimest ethics which throws the moral precepts and maxims of the wisest men of antiquity far into the shade. 2 JesusSermon on the Mount has been called the most superlative teaching of human ethics ever uttered by an individual. In fact, much of what we know today as equal rights actually is the result of Jesus teaching. Historian Will Durant, a non-Christian, said of Jesus that he lived and struggled unremittingly for equal rights in modern times he would have been sent to Siberia. He that is greatest among you, let him be your Gandhi, have tried to separate Jesus teaching on ethics from his claims about himself, believing that he was simply a great man who taught lofty moral principles.This was the move up of one of Americas Founding Fathers, President Thomas Jefferson, who cut and pasted a copy of the New Testament, removing sections he thought referred to Jesus deity, while leaving in other passages regarding Jesus ethical and moral teaching. 4 Jefferson carried around his cut and pasted New Testament with him, revering Jesus as perhaps the greatest moral teacher of all time. In fact, Jeffersons memorable words in the Declaration of Independence were rooted in Jesus teaching that

Tourism in India

www. Yesbank. in The Travel and Hospitality fabrication Indias travel, tourism and hospitality diligence is one of the fastest growing serve industries in the surface argona thanks to a burgeoning middle class, increasing purchasing power, a rising inflow of foreign phaetons, and successful g e preciseplacenment campaigns promoting Incredible India. In 2011 alone, travel and tourism contributed to 6. 4% of the GDP, and is forecast to rise by 7. 3% in 2012. In terms of employment, travel and tourism comportly supported 24,975,000 jobs (5% of employment) in 2011, and is expected to rise by 3% in 2012.Also read Importance of Advertising in tourism IndustryForeign Exchange Earnings (FEE) from tourism in 2011 were $16,564 million with a festering of 16. 7% over 2010. 14 Clearly, India is fast becoming a popular tourist destination world over. Between April 2000 and declination 2011, the hotel and tourism empyrean gene calculated a contribute of $3,195. 70 meg in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). 15In 2011 alone, the country welcomed 6. 29 million foreign tourists, compared to 5. 78 million in 2010. 16By 2022, international tourist arrivals are forecast to perfect 11,276,000, generating an expenditure of 1,382. 6 one thousand thousand. 7 In 2010-11, the travel and hospitality labor face the challenge of a significant decline in corpo judge travel due to serious cost cutting by planetary corporate houses, as well as the fear of terrorism, and a lack of a sense of safety post the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks. However, the hospitality sector has shown resilience, improving its security worry and performance. With the gain of budget hotels along with low cost airlines, online travel bookings, and group travel, SMEs in the travel and tourism sector have shown rapid progress.They have been targeting recession markets specializing in corporate travel, unoccupied travel, and even hitherto unheard services like wedding travel and planning. IATA statistics show that today, maximum business is generated in Asia. Asia and peculiarly India now have a major role to play in shaping this sector while as well enjoying maximum share. However, with more disposable income, Indians pick out to travel oversea rather than within the country.We have over 14 million Indians traveling overseas, but the figure for inbound tourism stands at a dismal 6 million this can definitely increase if we begin to seriously promote India as a destination to be explored and discovered. , says Vivek Dadhich, Managing Director of Noida-based Bluemoon Travels, a new age travel company offering leisure travel and MICE travel planning services for Meetings, Inpennyives, Conventions, and Exhibitions. As per an analysis through by sell consultancy Technopak, at the end of 2010 the Indian hotel industrys worth was estimated around US$ 17 billion.The share of hotel and restaurant sector in the overall frugality is still below 2 per penny. For the last five years the tota l contribution of the hospitality sector has remained stagnant. Although the overall share change magnitude from 1. 46 per penny in 2004-05 to 1. 69 per cent in 2007-08, but then after the phase of economic meltdown in US the total share over again decreased to 1. 45 per cent in 2009-10. India ranks in the 153rd position spending 0. 9% for tourism. The hotel and tourism industrys contribution to the Indian economy by way of foreign direct investments (FDI) inflows were pegged at US$ 2. 5 billion from April 2000 to February 2011, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). As per an analysis done by retail consultancy Technopak, at the end of 2010 the Indian hotel industrys worth was estimated around US$ 17 billion. The share of hotel and restaurant sector in the overall economy is still below 2 per cent. For the last five years the total contribution of the hospitality sector has remained stagnant. Although the overall share increased from 1. 46 per cen t in 2004-05 to 1. 69 per cent in 2007-08, but then after the phase of economic meltdown in US the total share again decreased to 1. 5 per cent in 2009-10. India ranks in the 153rd position spending 0. 9% for tourism. The hotel and tourism industrys contribution to the Indian economy by way of foreign direct investments (FDI) inflows were pegged at US$ 2. 35 billion from April 2000 to February 2011, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). www. oifc. com overseas Indian facilitation center According to the Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) research, released by World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and its strategic partner Oxford Economics in 2011 * The direct contribution of Travel Tourism to GDP is expected to be INR 1,570. billion (US$ 35. 4 billion) (1. 9 per cent of total GDP) in 2011, rising by 8. 1 per cent per annum (pa) to INR 3,414. 8 billion (US$ 77. 0 billion*) (2. 0 per cent) in 2021 * The total contribution of Travel Tourism to GDP, in cluding its wider economic impacts, is forecast to rise by 8. 8 per cent pa from INR 3,680. 4 billion (US$ 83. 0 billion) (4. 5 per cent of GDP) in 2011 to INR 8,523. 1 billion (US$ 191. 2 billion*) (4. 9 per cent) by 2021. Total Contribution of Travel Tourism to GDP Source World Travel Tourism CouncilThe TSA research also states that the sector is expected to support right away 24,931,000 jobs (5. 0 per cent of total employment) in 2011, rising by 2. 0 per cent pa to 30,439,000 jobs (5. 2 per cent) by 2021. Hotel Industry Due to increasing round of foreign tourist arrivals, together with the process of domestic tourism in the country, the hotel industry is also witnessing continued momentum. The Indian Hospitality industry contributes around 2. 2 per cent of Indias GDP. The industry is expected to r separately INR 230 billion (US$ 5. 2 billion*) by 2015, growing at a robust CAGR of 12. per cent. India will be investing around INR 448 billion (US$ 10. 1 billion*) in the hospit ality industry in the next five years, according to a report The Indian Hotel Industry Report 2011 Edition by CYGNUS Business Consulting Research Firm. The industry also witnessed an increase in the number of hotel rooms with a produce of 5 per cent during the last three to four years. In the next two years, a total investment of US$ 12. 2 billion (INR 545. 2 billion*) is expected that will add over 20 new international brands in the hospitality sector.Rise of budget hotels in the country, like Ginger Hotels, scum bag Tree, Sarovar Hotels, Fortune Hotels, Ibis and Choice Hotels clearly suggest a huge growth capableness in the sector. The Growth Path Foreign tourist arrivals in the country have increased substantially during the past decade motivated by both, business and leisure charters and are further expected to grow at a compound yearly growth rate (CAGR) of around 8 per cent during 2010-2014, as per a research report Indian Tourism Industry Analysis by research firm RNCOS .In fact, the Tourism sector enjoyed strong growth during 2010, as indicated in the data released by the Ministry of Tourism in January 2011. As per the data, in 2010, the country experienced a strong rebound in the Tourism industry. Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) * FTAs in India during 2010 were 5. 58 million with a growth rate of 8. 1 per cent as compared to the FTAs of 5. 17 million and growth rate of (-)2. 2 per cent during 2009. * The 8. 1 per cent growth rate in FTAs for 2010 over 2009 for India is much better than UNWTOs projected growth rate of 5 per cent to 6 per cent for the world during the same period. FTAs during the month of June 2011, was 3. 96 lakh as compared to FTAs of 3. 70 lakh during the month of June 2010 and 3. 52 lakh in June 2009. There has been a growth of 7. 2 per cent in June 2011 over June 2010 as compared to a growth of 4. 9 per cent registered in June 2010 over June 2009. FTAs during the period January-June 2011 were 29. 19 lakh with a growth of 10. 9 per cent, as compared to the FTAs of 26. 32 lakh with a growth of 8. 9 per cent during January-June 2010 over the corresponding period of 2009. * FEE from Tourism in INR terms during 2010 were INR 648. billion as compared to INR 549. 6 billion during 2009 and INR 507. 3 billion during 2008. FEE from tourism in US$ terms during 2010 were US$ 14. 2 billion as compared to US$ 11. 4 billion during 2009 and US$ 11. 7 billion during 2008. * The growth rate in FEE in INR terms during 2010 was 18. 1 per cent as compared to the growth rate of 8. 3 per cent in 2009 over 2008. Therefore, the growth rate observed in 2010 over 2009 was substantially high. The growth rate in FEE in US$ terms during 2010 was 24. 6 per cent as compared to a decline of 3 per cent in 2009 over 2008.Therefore, in US$ terms, also growth rate observed in 2010 was positive and substantially high. * FEE in INR terms during the month of June 2011 were INR 54. 4 billion as compared to INR 47. 5 billion in June 2010 and INR 38. 0 billion in June 2009. FEE in US$ terms during the month of June 2011 were US$ 1. 2 billion as compared to FEE of US$ 1. 0 billion during the month of June 2010 and US$ 0. 7 billion in June 2009. * The growth rate in FEE in INR terms in June 2011 over June 2010 was 14. 5 per cent as compared to 25. 0 per cent in June 2010 over June 2009.The growth rate in FEE in US$ terms in June 2011 over June 2010 was 18. 9 per cent as compared to the growth of 28. 1 per cent in June 2010 over June 2009. * FEE from Tourism in INR terms during January-June 2011 were INR 351. 6 billion with a growth of 12. 1 per cent, as compared to the FEE of INR 313. 7 billion with a growth of 27. 1 per cent during January-June 2010 over the corresponding period of 2009. * FEE from Tourism in terms of US$ during January-June 2011 were US$ 7. 8 billion with a growth of 14. 2 per cent, as compared to US$ 6. billion with a growth of 36. 6 per cent during January-June 2010 over the corresponding period of 2009. Visitor exports are a key component of the direct contribution of the sector. According to the TSA research, India is expected to attract 6,179,000 international tourist (overnight visitor) arrivals in 2011, generating INR 678. 6 billion (US$ 15. 3 billion) in visitor exports (foreign visitor spending, including spending on transportation). By 2021, international tourist arrivals are forecast to total 11,149,000, an increase of 6. per cent pa generating expenditure of INR 1,344. 7 billion (US$ 30. 3 billion*). Visitor Exports and International Tourist Arrivals Hospitalityindia. com Tourism in India is the largest service industry, with a contribution of 6. 23% to the national GDP and 8. 78% of the total employment in India. Indiabiz. com According to Economic Survey of 2010-11 the average annual growth rate of hotel and restaurant sector has been 8. 8 per cent for the period during 2005-06 and 200910. However, last two years have not been quite pleasant for the sector as growth falt ered badly.Till five years ago, the sector was registering a growth of around 15 per cent but slowdown in the economy has affected the growth prospects of the sector badly and the growth rate has dropped into single digit level. The sector registered negative growth (-3. 41 per cent) in 200809 over the year 200708, which was due to the adverse global economic conditions in this year. But, the sector is back in the positive growth territory and clocked a growth of 2. 2 per cent in 2009-10. Annual growth rate (in per cent) Year 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Hotels Restaurants 17. 14. 4 13. 1 -3. 1 2. 2 Source Economic Survey 2010-11 Growth Prospects Healthy economic growth recorded in past few years, especially in the services industry, has led to increase in business travel. mellower disposable income and affordability have increased domestic leisure travel in India. Foreign tourist arrivals in India have also grown. The industrys performance was hit in 2009 due to the g lobal economic slowdown, terror attacks in Mumbai (November 2008) and H1N1 virus. However, the industry has shown signs of recovery in the first half of 2010.This is a clear indicator that the long-term prospects for the Indian travel and tourism industry are bright. India is expected to witness increased tourist activity both in the business and leisure segments in the coming years. International inbound transaction is expected to grow rapidly with increasing investment and trade activity. India has been identified as one of the fastest-growing countries in terms of tourism command. The travel and tourism demand is expected to reach US$ 266. 1 bn ( 14,601. 7 bn) by 2019. During 20042009 travel and tourism demand in India increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16. % to US$ 91. 7 bn ( 4,412. 7 bn) and foreign exchange earnings from tourism increased 13% to US$ 11. 39 bn. Some enceinte players Sahara group, viceroy hotels,Carlson, UAE based Istithmar hotel, Netherlan ds based Golden Tulip Hospitality group, IRCTC, Leela Palace and resorts, DLF Universal Major players Indian Hotels Company Limited (the Taj group) EIH Limited (the Oberoi group) ITC Hotels Limited Indian Tourism Development Corporation Small irons Hotel Leela Venture Asian Hotels (Hyatt International Corporation) Bharat Hotels Public Sector ChainITDC and HCI Govt initiatives Incredible India Atithie devo bhava Porters five forces brat of substitute goods Presence of many hotels around the corner Hotels have varying price ranges and amenities and it is difficult to predict customers choice of choosing a hotel. The internet makes the overall market more efficient while expanding the size of the potential market and creating new substitution threats. Another hotel chain may dilapidate your customer base with a newly formulated internet approach or marketing campaign. Bargaining Power of BuyersBusiness persons choosing a hotel are tech savvy and find it easy to search for cheaper h otels in internet and book them. This eliminates middle men and intermediaries which in turn increases the bargaining power. The cost of switching is very low, which is again a high bargaining power on the side of buyers. This industry has numerous customers who arerelatively very small in size. issue ofa single customer has little impact on a hotel company and this drives down the buyersbargaining power. Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry among competitors in the hotel industry is fierce.When potential customers can learn about a hotel on line, the internet reduces the differences among competitors. People tend to seek the best price for the best experience and the leaning is to reduce price to be competitive. The internet covers wide geographical areas so the market is widened increasing the number of competitors. Barriers to entry Initial investment cost is very high. A vital barrier would be differentiation. A hotel that can differential itself by location, by serv ice, amenities or some other quality has the potential to attract and keep its clients.Another barrier to entry would be expertise. Unfortunately, in a mobile society employees frequently leave one hotel chain to work in another and they take that expertise in terms of instruct or of experience with them. It is in the areas of expertise and of differentiation that a hotel can make the superlative impact on its client and thereby on its bottom line. Economies of scale are also a huge factor in this industry. Profitability of hotel chains isdrastically higherthan individual operations.A new entrant cannotcompete with established players in terms or quality and priceif they cannot establish significant economies of scale. High exit barriers because of the specialized assets. Bargaining power of suppliers Two key suppliers for hotel industry are labour and real estate. The number of suppliers forthe Hotel industry is quite large and each supplieris very small in size compared to the l eading players in the industry. These fewpowerful players are indispensible to the suppliers. Substitutability of the suppliers is also quite feasible and inexpensive.Switching between real estate agents is not going to affecta particular Hotel company significantly. However in terms of quality, training centers for employees and ICTmanufacturers who provide IT systems that for property solicitude are relatively more difficult to replace. Therefore in terms ofsubstitute suppliers industry attractiveness is voguerately high. Industrys threat of backwards integration is pretty high since large hotel chains like ITC or IHCLwould have no qualms expanding into the real estatebusiness or developing employee training facilities in-house. TechnologyInnovative designs, technological advancements and next times interior inventions are keys to maintaining the Indian hospitality industrys success and to attract the next generation of customers. The concept, design, plan, materials, technolo gy each aspect used in a hotel, restaurant or any property is ever changing and breaths technology for advancement and recognition. The brand loyalty increases with the concept and luxury of the hotel, no more with names. Technology plays a vital role in helping hotels expand and provide great services to the next generation of travellers.Availability enquiries, travel arrangements, local transport, gate entry, reception desks, elevators, room, in-room features and everything travellers see and touch hotel are enhanced with the right technology and concept. To harness Indias tourism potential, several efforts are being taken for opening new destinations and exploring niche segments. However, infrastructure facilities such as air, rail, road connectivity, and hospitality services at these destinations and the connecting cities are inadequate.This remains a major hurdle for development of tourism. Roadways form a vital network in the tourist industry with almost 70% tourists in India travelling by road. Moreover, many tourist circuits depend on roads. Despite numerous efforts to improve road infrastructure, connectivity remains a major problem. There is a greater need for strengthened road and rail network, development of more expressways, and tourist-specific routes to improve connectivity to various locations across different regions.Aviation infrastructure is also critical since it is a major mode of entry for inbound tourism. Passenger traffic is expected to increase in the coming years however infrastructure facilities at airports are cause for concern. elaboration and development of airports at major gateway cities is underway to cater to the increasing passenger traffic. However, in addition, airport facilities at important secondary cities and tourist destinations also need to be improved to be able to handle greater passenger traffic.

Automotive industry Essay

In compliance with the fulfillment of the requirements on the course Writing in the Discipline and in accordance with your oral instructions dated November 19, 2013, we be submitting our library research radical entit conduct The Uses of railroad cars. The main purpose of this research paper is to know railway rail railroad cars and its uses, to explain the advantages and disadvantages that automobiles bring to the society, and to suggest ways on how to asseverate energy use new technologies of automobiles. We hope that this paper forget meet your appr elliptic. Respectfully yours, Kenneth Llauderes and Mark Joseph Sueta BSME- 1 BSME- 1.The Uses of political machinemobiles A Library Research Paper Presented to Mrs. Astrid O. H aresco Faculty, division of Languages Western land of Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course ENGLISH 2- Writing in the Discipline By Kenneth Llauderes- BSME 1 Mark Joseph Sueta- BSME 1 February 2014 Table of Contents Page Introduction 1 ? fib 2 ?Contribution to the society 4 Application of automobile as Transportation 5 ?Automobile Industry 5 ?Automobile Racing 6 ?Automobiles Business 9 New Technologies of Automobiles 11 ?Antipollution Strategies 11 ?Safety Features 12 ?Hybrid- galvanizing Vehicles 13?Computers and Navigation Devices 14 ?Eco- Friendly Automobile 16 ?Other Improvements 19 Conclusion 20 Recommendation 20 Bibliography 21 Llauderes, K. & Sueta, M. J. The uses of automobiles. Western Institute of Technology. 2014 Automobiles transport deal in a to a greater extent than comfortable and much efficient manner. It is a propelled vehicle used primarily on public roadstead but filmable to other surface. They are classified by size, style, number of doors and intended use. The typical automobile in like manner call(a)ed a car, auto, motorcar, and passenger car, has four wheels and piece of ass carry up to six people including a driver.The researchers go awayled and gat presentd inf ormation from the correct and frank data from the internet and different libraries in Iloilo. The researchers finish that automobiles change the world and the lives of the people be receive it has a profound impact on the society. As a whole it played a very pregnant authority in the society and it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt, it will continue to shape our culture and economy well into the following generations.The researchers recommend that the all overnment agencies particularly Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) support the production of automobiles that commence antipollution features and they must impose rules and regulations, and progress to more than highways and bridges in response on the increasing number of automobiles.THESIS STATEMENT Automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner. I. What is an automobile A. Definition B. record C. Contribution to the society II. Application o f automobile as Transportation A. Automobile Industry B. Automobile Racing C. Automobiles Business III. New Technologies of Automobiles A. Antipollution Strategies B. Safety Features C. Hybrid- galvanic car Vehicles D. Computers and Navigation Devices E.Eco- Friendly Automobile F. Other Improvements Introduction An automobile is a self- propelled vehicle used primarily on public roads but adaptable to other surfaces. They are classified by size, style, number of doors and intended use. The typical automobile also called a car, auto, motorcar, and passenger car, has four wheels and can carry up to six people including a driver. Larger vehicles designed to carry more passengers are called vans, minivans, omnibuses, or buses. In this paper, those used to carry cargo are called pickups or trucks, depending on their size and design.Minivans are van- style vehicles built on a passenger car frame that can usually carry up to 8 passengers. Sport- utility vehicles, also kn take away as S UVs are more rugged than passenger cars and are designed for driving in mud or snow. The researchers chose automobile as their topic among all the topics because it is the one that people uses in their daily lives as transportation and because it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt it will continue to shape their culture and economy well into the next generations.This paper is intended to analyze and examine how technology especially automobiles change the world and the lives of the people. This paper is all ab issue automobiles, its history, uses and countries that produce automobiles. It also discusses about the advantages and disadvantages that automobiles bring to them. It also focuses on the manufacture and servicing of automobiles. 1 This paper is gathered from the correct and truthful data from different libraries in Iloilo and by the use of the internet, the researchers also gathered some data from different resources. They use the information fro m the latest resources of the library.They also travelled in nearby provinces of Iloilo to collect knowledge that they apply in this paper. This paper is divided into three parts namely what is an automobile application of automobile as transportation and new technologies of automobile to support the thesis statement automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner. History The history of the automobile actually began about 4,000 familys ago when the prototypal wheel was used for transportation in India. In the early 15th degree centigrade the Portuguese arrived in China and the interaction of the two cultures led to a variety of new technologies, including the creation of a wheel that turned on a lower floor its own billet.By the 1600s small steam-powered locomotive engine models had been developed, but it was another ascorbic acid before a full-sized engine-powered vehicle was created. In 1769 French Army officer overlord Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built what has been called the first automobile. Cugnots three-wheeled, steam-powered vehicle carried four persons. Designed to move artillery pieces, it had a top speed of a little more than 3. 2 km/h (2 mph) and had to stop every 20 minutes to build up a fresh head of steam 2 As early as 1801 successful but very heavy steam automobiles were introduced in England.Laws barred them from public roads and forced their owners to run them like trains on private tracks. In 1802 a steam-powered coach designed by British engineer Richard Trevithick journeyed more than 160 km (100 mi) from Cornwall to London. Steam power caught the economic aid of other vehicle builders. In 1804 American inventor Oliver Evans built a steam-powered vehicle in Chicago, Illinois. French engineer Onesiphore Pecqueur built one in 1828. British inventor Walter Handcock built a series of steam carriages in the mid-1830s that were used for the first omnibus service in London.By the mid-1800s England had an extensiv e cyberspace of steam coach lines. Horse-drawn stagecoach companies and the new railroad companies pressured the British Parliament to approve heavy tolls on steam-powered road vehicles. The tolls quickly drive the steam coach operators out of business. During the early 20th century steam cars were popular in the joined States. Most famous was the Stanley Steamer, built by American twin brothers Freelan and Francis Stanley. A Stanley Steamer established a world land speed record in 1906 of 205. 44 km/h (121. 573 mph).Manufacturers produced about one hundred twenty-five models of steam-powered automobiles, including the Stanley, until 1932. 3 Contribution to the society The automobile has had a profound impact on the society. It has brought superhighways, paved bridges, motels, vacations, suburbia and economic growth which accompanied them. Automobiles leave alone a great deal of personal freedom to their owners. The article by journalist Kevin A. Wilson provides a history of aut omobile design and production in the united States, and surveys recent efforts to develop lower- and zero-emissions vehicles, such as galvanising cars and diesel-electric hybrid cars. As suburbs, generally without public transportation, grew, cars became necessary and auto sales increased.Easy reference book facilitated the purchase of cars. The number of cars on the road leaped from 40 million in 1950 to 60 million in 1960. The Federal passage Act of 1956 created the Interstate Highway System, a 68,400-km (42,500-mi) network of limited-access highways. This system backbonered further suburban growth. Technological advances transformed production. The new machine-tool diligence, a trail of inventions, including the telephone, typewriter, linotype, phonograph, electric light, cash register, air brake, refrigerator car, and automobile, led to new industries.Business leaders learned how to operate and coordinate many different economic activities across broad geographic areas. Bu sinesses were thus able to drive larger, and the modern corporation became an important form of business organization. 4 Application of Automobile as Transportation Automobile industry Automobile Industry is an industry that produces automobiles and other spatteroline-powered vehicles, such as buses, trucks, and motorcycles. The automobile industry is one of the some important industries in the world, affecting not only the economy but also the cultures of the world.It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and hot, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce.The auto industry has also reduced the overall exist of transportation by usin g methods such as mass production (making several products at once, rather than one at a time), mass market (selling products nationally rather than locally), and world(prenominal)ization of production (assembling products with parts made worldwide). From 1886 to 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with auto pay backrs and auto buyers expanding globally, automaking became the worlds largest manufacturing activity, with nearly 58 million new vehicles built each year worldwide. 5 As a result of easier and faster transportation, the United States and world economies rush become dependent on the mobility that automobiles, trucks, and buses provide.This mobility allowed remote populations to interact with one another, which increased commerce. The transportation of goods to consumers and consumers to goods has become an industry in itself. The automobile has also brought related problems, such as air pollution, the emiss ion of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, congested traffic, and highway fatalities. Nevertheless, the automobile industry continues to be an important source of employment and transportation for millions of people worldwide. Automobile Racing Automobile Racing is a sport in which drivers race specially designed automobiles over tracks or courses of differing lengths, designs, and constructions.The competition tests the skills of the drivers, the speed capabilities of the vehicles, and the endurance of both. Originally consisting of occasional challenges among wealthy individuals in the United States and continental Europe, automobile hie has evolved into an international year-round sea captain sport that is one of the most popular spectator attractions in the world. There are three basic types of race courses in automobile racing (1) the oval track, (2) the road course, and (3) the straight-line course.Oval tracks, which can be dirt, pave, or concrete, range in length from 0. 16 to 2. 5 mi 6 (0. 27 to 4 km). rough oval tracks, longer than 1 mi (1. 6 km) and highly banked (angled toward the ground), are called superspeedways. Road courses have either of two forms courses that are created by temporarily occlusion city streets, and courses specially designed to duplicate the twists and turns of country roads but used only for racing. Road courses of both types are generally 1. 5 to 4 mi (2. 4 to 6. 4 km) long in the United States, sometimes longer in other countries. Straight-line courses consist of a simple strip of asphalt or concrete used for drag races between two vehicles.Straight-line courses are generally 0. 25 mi (0. 4 km) long, but they can be 0. one hundred twenty-five mi (0. 2 km) long as well. There are five basic components of an automobile racing team (1) the ownership, (2) the team manager, (3) the driver, (4) the support bunch, and (5) the sponsors. The ownership of the car is in charge of the team but usually employs a ma nager to run operations on a day-to-day basis. The driver is always an sovereign contractor. Drivers usually compete in a variety of different cars for different owners throughout their careers. The support crew maintains the car before, during, and after races.The driver and support crew work together during races to handle needed repairs, tire changes, and fuel refills (done during brief service breaks known as pit stops). Finally, sponsors, usually corporations, provide money to the racing team in exchange for promotional ties. The most obvious examples of this relationship are company and product logos, which are commonly seen on the outside of vehicles during races. 7 Although there are many categories of automobile racingand many types and levels of competition within each categorythe major forms of the sport differ in the United States and abroad.In most parts of the world, the premier race series are those for Formula One (F1) vehicles and for sports cars. These competition s receive less attention in the United States, where the most important race series are those for Indianapolis (Indy) cars and for stock cars. Some drivers and teams move between American and overseas forms of racing, but this are uncommon. The coordinating mission for automobile racing in the United States is the Automobile Competition Committee for the United States (ACCUS), which serves as the U. S. representative on the Federation International de lAutomobile (FIA International Automobile.Federation), the worldwide governing body of the sport. ACCUS coordinates activities between FIA and six major sanctioning bodies for automobile racing in the United Statesaddressing rules, regulations, automotive specifications, safety, and related matters. The eightsome organizational members of ACCUS are Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART), National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR), Indy Racing League (IRL), Grand American Road Racing Association (GRAND-AM), Professional Sp orts Car Racing (PSC), the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA), the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), and the United States Auto Club (USAC).8 Automobile Business Automobiles have changed and developed in response to consumer wishes, economic conditions, and advancing technology. The first gas-powered vehicles looked like horse buggies with engines mounted underneath because this was the style to which people were accustomed. By 1910, however, features like the front-mounted engine were already established, giving the automobile a look that was all its own. As public demand for cars increased, the vehicles became more stylized. The classic cars of the 1920s and 1930s epitomize the sleek, individually designed luxury cars called the classic cars. During the 1940s and 1950s, automobiles generally became larger until the advent of the compact car, which immediately became a popular alternative.The gasoline crisis is reflected in the fuel-efficient cars made in the 1970s and 1980s. Cu rrent designs continue to reflect economy awareness, although many different markets exist. In a blow economy like India, small can mean handsome returns. As auto stringrs Suzuki and Hyundai, focused on the sub-compact segment. It is thanks to buoyant small-car sales by their subsidiaries here that both Hyundai and Suzuki have posted record earnings growth, in the midst of a severe global downturn.It suggests a growth-driver role for the domestic automobile industry, and not merely in terms of volumes and sales. 9 The auto companies and ancillary makers are confident of posting 10 percent rise in business, provided barriers to free style of goods are removed. Over 80 percent of the players in the automobile industry, having units in north India, said business activities could grow by 10 per cent slice 20 per cent of the respondents said business was likely to go beyond 10 percent, a survey conducted by the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry said.Reeling under subdued demand fo r long, the domestic steel industry now hopes that the proposal to reduce excise duty on automobiles in the Interim Budget 2014-15 would spur demand for flat products. The proposal to reduce excise duty on automobiles in the current economic environment is a welcome step, however it would have been more meaningful and impactful if the excise duty on steel would have been reduced, Essar Steel. Leaving direct taxes untouched except for continuing the income tax surcharge on super-rich individuals and corporate, the Interim Budget today slashed excise duty on cars and two-wheelers, and capital goods and consumer durables to boost manufacturing and growth.10 New Technologies of Automobiles Antipollution Strategies Pollution-control laws adopted at the beginning of the 1990s in some of the United States and in Europe called for automobiles that produced better gas mileage with lower emissions. The California Air Resources Board need companies with the largest market shares to begin sell ing vehicles that were pollution freein other words, electric. In 1996 General Motors became the first to begin selling an all-electric car, the EV1, to California buyers. The all-electric cars introduced so far have been limited by low range, long recharges, and weak consumer interest. Engines that run on hydrogen have been tested.Hydrogen combustion produces only a wind of harmful emissions, no carbon dioxide, and a water-vapor by-product. However, technical problems related to the gass density and flammability remains to be solved. Diesel engines burn fuel more efficiently, and produce fewer pollutants, but they are noisy. Popular in trucks and heavy vehicles, diesel engines are only a small portion of the automobile market. A redesigned, quieter diesel engine introduced by Volkswagen in 1996 may pave the way for more diesels, and less pollution, in passenger cars. 11 Safety Features.Manufacturers continue to build lighter vehicles with improved structural rigidity and ability t o protect the driver and passengers during collisions. Bumpers evolved as rails or bars to protect the front and rear of the cars body from damage in minor collisions. Over the years, bumpers became stylish and, in some cases, not strong enough to survive minor collisions without dearly-won repairs. Eventually, government regulations required bumpers designed to withstand low-speed collisions with less damage. Some bumpers can withstand 4-km/h (2. 5-mph) collisions with no damage, while others can withstand 8-km/h (5-mph) collisions with no damage.Modern vehicles feature crumple zones, portions of the automobile designed to absorb forces that otherwise would be transmitted to the passenger compartment. Passenger compartments on many vehicles also have reinforced roll bar structures in the roof, in case the vehicle overturns, and protective beams in the doors to help protect passengers from side impacts. Seat belt and upper-body restraints that unstuff to permit comfort but tighten automatically during an impact are now common. Some car models are equipped with shoulder-restraint belts that slide into position automatically when the cars doors close. 12.An air bag is a high-speed inflation device hidden in the hub of the steering wheel or in the frighten on the passengers side. Some automobiles have side-impact air bags, located in doors or seats. At impact, the bag inflates almost instantaneously. The inflated bag creates a cushion between the occupant and the vehicles interior. Air bags first appeared in the mid-1970s, available as an optional accessory. Today they are installed on all new passenger cars sold in the United States. Air bags inflate with great force, which occasionally endangers a child or infant passenger.Some newer automobile models are equipped with switches to disable the passenger-side air bags when a child or infant is traveling in the passenger seat. Automakers continue to research ways to make air-bag systems less dangerous for frai l and small passengers, yet effective in collisions. Hybrid- Electric Vehicles While some developers searched for additional alternatives, others investigated ways to combine electricity with bland fuels to produce low-emissions power systems. The hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) uses both an electric motor or motors and a gasoline or diesel engine that charges the batteries in order to pack the distance that the vehicle can travel without having to recharge the batteries.An HEV at a stoplight typically sits silent, burning no fuel and making no pollution, if the batteries are sufficiently charged. If driven slowly, as in heavy traffic, the vehicle might move only on electric power. 13 Only when more power is demanded for acceleration or to move a heavy load, does the gasoline or diesel engine come into play. Two automobiles with such hybrid engines, the Toyota Prius and the Honda Insight, became available in the late 1990s.The Prius hit automobile showrooms in Japan in 1997, selling 30,000 models in its first two years of production. The Prius became available for sale in due north America in 2000. The Honda Insight debuted in North America in late 1999. Both vehicles promised to double the fuel efficiency of conventional gasoline-powered cars while significantly reducing toxic emissions. The Ford Motor Company introduced the first U. S. -made hybrid when it began production for the Ford Escape Hybrid in August 2004. The 2005 model year Escape was also the first hybrid in the sport-utility vehicle (SUV) category. Electric Car.Computers and Navigation Devices Computer control of automobile systems increased dramatically during the 1990s. The central bear upon unit (CPU) in modern engines manages overall engine performance. Microprocessors regulating other systems share data with the CPU. Computers manage fuel and air mixture ratios, ignition timing, and exhaust-emission levels. They ordinate the antilock braking and traction control systems. In many models, computing devices also control the air conditioning and heating, the sound system, and the information displayed in the vehicles dashboard.14 spread out use of computer technology, development of stronger and lighter materials, and research on pollution control will produce better, smarter automobiles. In the 1980s the notion that a car would talk to its driver was science fiction by the 1990s it had become reality. Onboard sailplaning was one of the new automotive technologies in the 1990s. By using the satellite-aided global positioning system (GPS), a computer in the automobile can pinpoint the vehicles location within a few meters. The onboard navigation system uses an electronic compass, digitized maps, and a display screen showing where the vehicle is relative to the destination the driver wants to reach.After being told the destination, the computer locates it and directs the driver to it, fling alternative routes if needed. Some cars now come equipped with GPS locator be acons, enabling a GPS system operator to locate the vehicle, map its location, and if necessary, direct repair or emergency workers to the scene. Cars equipped with computers and cellular telephones can link to the Internet to obtain constantly updated traffic reports, weather information, route directions, and other data. Future built-in computer systems may be used to automatically obtain business information over the Internet and manage personal affairs while the vehicles owner is driving. 15.Eco- Friendly Automobile Eight decades after the American auto industry turned away from the electric car in favor of gas-powered vehicles, the monstrosity General Motors Corporation (GM) made a heralded return to the market with the first mass-produced version in the modern era, the EV1. The completely battery-powered $34,000 car, in development by GM since the late 1980s, was delivered amid fanfare to select dealerships in Arizona and southern California on December 5, 1996. Boasting a 13 7-horsepower engine that can silently accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in less than nine seconds, the EV1.(Electric Vehicle 1) is hailed by some observers as an automotive breakthrough. With few moving. parts there is little regular maintenance required and no tailpipe emissions at all. Engineered to be ultralight and extremely aerodynamic to conserve energy, the EV1 is the first electric car to be made entirely from scratch as a battery-powered vehicle since the early years of the century, when as many as one-third of automobiles were electric. Most current electric cars are converted gas-powered vehicles, such as an electricity-powered Ford Ranger introduced in the summer of 1996.The EV1 was first shown to the public as a prototype model called Impact at the 1990 Los Angeles Auto Show. Consumer trials followed, as GM worked to overcome the challenges posed by an electric car the limited travel range before needing a recharge, size and weight restrictions, power-draining auxiliaries 16 (such as heating systems), and the lack of an infrastructure of charging stationsthe gas stations of the 21st century, match to electric vehicle backers. But there are also critics of the EV1, who point to the automobiles relatively high cost and its limited range of 113 to cxlv km (70 to 90 m) before its lead-acid batteries must be recharged.The special device that can recharge the EV1 in about three hours costs an extra $2000. (Fully charging from a regular household outlet takes about 15 hours. ) Many of the doubters believe that battery technology is still too limited and that the EV1 risks ultimately hurting the cause of alternative-fuel vehicles. The more advanced nickel-metal hydride battery, which can hold a greater charge than a lead-acid battery, is just now becoming commercially available. Others argue that hybrid cars unite electric power with internal-combustion technology hold the best promise for the future of the automobile.Other criticisms of the EV 1 include the fact that the sporty vehicle is small, holding just two people. Because electric cars generally do not perform well in cold weather, the EV1 is available only in a few warm-climate cities to start outLos Angeles and San Diego in California, and Phoenix and Tucson in Arizona. GM plans to make and leaserather than sellonly a few thousand cars in the initial rollout. Critics of electric cars achieved a victory in March 1996, when Californias Air Resources Board ( arb) pulled back its controversial regulations that would have forced major auto companies to make zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) account for at least 2 percent of their sales in the state starting in 1998.While the 17 ARB backed down on the first restriction, after being heavily lobbied by auto company representatives who argued that the technology was not adequately advanced, it retained the aspirant requirement that 10 percent of all new car fleets be ZEVs by 2003. The air quality of Californias urban areas is among the worst in the United States, and other pollution-plagued regions around the country are beginning to pass similar electric-car measures to address the problem. Beyond the threat of air quality regulations, General Motors is eyeing the electric vehicle as an important new product.They believe that consumers concerned about air pollution levels and rising gasoline prices will be interested in purchasing electric cars. The worlds largest automobile manufacturer, GM was able to devote the resources necessary for such a costly, large-scale projectan estimated $350 million in development costs. The company has made the EV1 such a priority that it created a special division for the vehicle and bestowed the corporate name of General Motors on a car for the first time in history (although it is being marketed and distributed by GMs Saturn division).The EV1 is only the first of a variety of low- and zero-emission vehicles that are evaluate from auto manufacturers in the next severa l years. The Honda EV, powered by nickel-metal hydride batteries, is expected in 1997, and electric cars from automakers such as Ford, Toyota, and Chrysler are planned for release no later than 1998. GM also hopes to expand its line of electric cars in the near future, including an electric Chevrolet pickup truck targeted at commercial vehicle fleets in 1997. 18 Other Improvements During the 1980s and 1990s, manufacturers trimmed 450 kg.(1,000 lb) from the weight of the typical car by making cars smaller. Less weight, coupled with more efficient engines, doubled the gas mileage obtained by the average new car between 1974 and 1995. Further reductions in vehicle size are not practical, so the emphasis has shifted to using lighter materials, such as plastics, aluminum alloys, and carbon composites, in the engine and the rest of the vehicle. Looking ahead, engineers are devising ways to reduce driver errors and lamentable driving habits. Systems already exist in some locales to preven t intoxicated drivers from starting their vehicles.The technology may be expanded to new vehicles. Anticollision systems with sensors and warning signals are being developed. In some, the cars brakes automatically slow the vehicle if it is following another vehicle too closely. New infrared sensors or radar systems may warn drivers when another vehicle is in their blind spot. Catalytic converters work only when they are warm, so most of the pollution they suspire occurs in the first few minutes of operation. Engineers are working on ways to keep the converters warm for longer periods between drives, or heat the converters more rapidly. 19 Conclusion.Based on the data presented in this paper, the researchers conclude that automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner because it is used in the daily lives of the people as transportation and it is also good for business. The researchers further conclude that the automobile has had a profound impact on t he society. It has brought superhighways, paved bridges, motels, vacations, suburbia and economic growth which accompanied them. As a whole, the creation of automobile has played a very important role in the society and in the daily lives of the people because it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt, it will continue to shape the culture and economy well into the next generations.Recommendation Based on the conclusion, the researchers recommend the following (1) That government agencies especially Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) support the production of hybrid- electric vehicles, and eco- friendly automobiles because these have antipollution features. (2) That the government should conduct further research about automobiles because the researchers only comply the library research paper having limited information. (3)That the government agencies should impose rules and regulations on the increasing number of automobiles and or they sh ould build more highways and bridges in response to this problem.BibliographyBellis, Mary. (N. D. ). Automobile history. Retrieved on December 20, 2013 at www. about. com. Coffey, Frank. 2003. America on wheels the first 100 years. United States of America General Publishing. Crouse, William Harry. Automotive mechanics. United States of America McGraw- Hill Inc. Grant, Alex. January, 2013. Entrepreneur Philippines. Covering all bases. Page 27. Inolino, Leth. July, 2013. Entrepreneur Philippines. Pushing.

Preventive Vigilance

Vigilance- Vigilance means to be watchful to be alert what is happening and what ignore happen. There are traces of concept of vigilance in our olden literature like Atharva Veda. Originally, it was Henry Fayol who listed out awareness and security measures which was later referred as Vigilance. Importance of Vigilance - Vigilance makes preparedness to be watchful eternally and sense the happening around oneself. People always have wrong approach towards vigilance as they perceive vigilance as enquiry, fixing responsibility etc.Vigilance is not investigation but it is prevention. To punish and not to prevent is like pumping the water through a pump without arresting the leakages which result in wastage of water, energy and time. Why do make-ups need vigilance- An organization protects itself from external dangers through creating security and posting manpower to guard against such threats. The role of vigilance is to protect organization from internal dangers which are more terr ible than external threats.Responsibility of Employees in Vigilance Matters Vigilance is not confined to a particular individual or set up. All public servants should be honest. They as well as have a responsibility towards the nation to help the organization to discharge vigilance functions effectively by bringing to the notice of organization about the activities of corrupt employees. Need for Preventive Vigilance Preventive vigilance plays an important role in strengthening the vigilance set up of any organization.There has been a roomy spread realization that punitive vigilance alone cannot be the foundation of an efficient vigilance machinery. In punitive vigilance, the vigilance wing reacts to complaints or tuition of specific instances of mala fide action, verifies such information and then proceeds against the erring officials. On the other hand, the preventive vigilance sets up procedures and systems to restrain the acts of wrong doing and misconduct in the various area s of the functioning of the department.Preventive vigilance is thus more effective than punitive vigilance. It has several advantages It is global in its impact and affects the working of the department as a whole. It is less costly and does not require elaborate specialized machinery like punitive vigilance. It is impersonal and does not act as a fetter upon the just exercise of authority. It is not directed against an individual. It cannot be misused for vindictive purposes. Tools of Preventive Vigilance 1. StandardizationLaying down clear cut conditions/ procedures in ordinance to reduce discretion and scope of granting undue favors. 2. Automation The computerizations of procedures help in reducing interface mingled with officials and taxpayers. 3. Transparency The taxpayers need to be educated about their rights and responsibilities. Transparency can also be extended to performing official functions in public view and across counter exceed rather than in covered enclosures. 4 . Accountability Accountability should extend to all levels and every person must be held accountable for his action or inaction.For decisions make with improper motives, penalty should be swift and decisive. 5. Control and supervision The success of the above methods depends on effective control and supervision. Right persons should be put in key positions. The personnel policy should discourage long tenures in one post. 6. Conducive work environment This would involve focus on the following items enamor logistical support including sanction of adequate funds Adequate manpower Meaningful and relevant job assignment Frequent, supportive and instructive interaction between supervisor and subordinates Transparency in transfer and placement. Institutional selection for foreign assignment, training and deputation. Objective performance appraisal and formal recognition of competence. Promotion of plebeian trust. Role of individual to Fight against Corruption Individual person have a vi tal role in fight against Corruption. Every man can stop corruption, fist that individual must say stop to Pay & Take Bribe to anyone. Every man must be watchful butt on what is going around and must complaint

Do the Right Thing Analysis

Do The Right Thing, a exposure directed by pinna Lee, take on a sunny summer daylight in a black neighbourhood in Brooklyn is what many consider a great characterization. The movie portrays stories of many actors consisting from different palettes, where each has their own conflicts and struggles. It is a truly entertaining movie yet it will leave you emotion all(prenominal)y connected to the events that took place. It would not sport reached its current success if it wasnt for the unique cinematography.In the coming sections I will be talking about the pangs, angles, touchwood styles, symbolism and colour. Realism The realism of this movie is pretty clear, where mandrel Lee was trying to convey the physical reality of the black people who live in a culturally diverse network. in that location were several characters in the movie and each had his own story, the f wretched of the, jumping from one character the other gives the smack that there is no manipulation of the s tory, its the real deal and this is how things roll in Brooklyn in a timeline of twenty-four hours.Another reason why this movie is linked to realism is because of the moral issues, where for example there would be a sensitive scene about a scene, that speaks for itself and it is interpreted by the listening in their own way. Do The Right Thing may be also be considered as a classic since there was a focus on telling a great story yet no that of one character only if many, and each had his/her own charisma. It is the type of movies where you would want to go back over and over again to watch it. Shots ear Lee is known for his perfect shots where he uses different lens to give the movie a distinguishing look.The movie varied from long shots, medium, close up and radical close up. That is shown from the beginning of the movie where the woman was dancing and it almost included all of the shots mentioned preceding(prenominal). Throughout the movie the technique of including vario us shots were constantly beingness employ and were applied to all the characters. Figure 1A Extreme close up Figure 1B Close up Figure 1C Medium shot Figure 1D Long shot Figure 2A Extreme close up Figure 2B close up Figure 2C Medium shot Figure 2D Long shot The figures shown above are just two examples of many where different shots are being interpreted of the.In Figure 2a- 2b we have an example of the camera creating an extreme close up, drag back going through the close up, medium shot to reach the long shot, and then moving horizontally to show the neighbourhood. This technique was used constantly. I think the meaning behind this technique is to make the movie as seem as realistic as possible. Spike Lee focused on the of import characters individually and then pulls backed to create a long shot to show that characters place in the neighbourhood, which adds realism to the setting. Angles.In Spike Lees Do the Right Thing, he set up his camera in different positions and shot at different angles. A low angle is when the subject is being filmed from below. I intrust that this angle gives the subject superiority and makes him look powerful. Figure 3 Figure 3 is a scene where Radio Raheem was ordering pizza with his stereo being played and Sal was telling him to turn it off. Raheem looked intimidated so the low angle shot adds to the intimidation. In my opinion this was perfect since Radio Raheem was a character that everyone is afraid off and the more intimidating he looks the better.I also think that it added a little zest to the end, because these constant shots of Raheem give a bigger impact on the audience when he dies. In contrary to low angle shots, high angles are taken from above. The camera is placed above the subject facing down. This type of shot is to make the subjects appear insignificant and it gives a general overview of the scene Figure 4 Mother Sister Trauma. High angle view. The scene in Figure 4 is just before the end of the movie where Sals restaurant was burned down because he was blamed for Radio Raheems death.These incidents gave Mother Sister a trauma. I would not say that the high angle shot makes her insignificant, but it would rather make her look threatened by the general overview scene, that the high angle shot achieves. The violence ends with this scene, which in my point of view is a very dramatic one. Mother Sister is the lovable person, everyone looks up too her but she was screaming same a lunatic, then the high angle shot of all the destruction around gives a dramatic ending to that scene.There were many eye level shots taken in the movie. An Eye level shot is when the subject is being filmed near eye level. What I think Spike Lee was trying to do with these eye level shots if to put the audience in the akin footing of the characters. The bird eye view is the shot taken overhead. It makes people in the scene look small. Figure 5 Bird eye shot, lowest scene. An example of a bird eye shot is shown in Figure 5, the final scene. This scene is one of the most important of the movie.The movie visualises a 24 hour timeline, so all the incident s that happened, from waking up to burning Sals kitchen happened in one day, which in my opinion is a deal of activity in a neighbourhood. This final scene that makes the neighbourhood appear to be god like is amazing, after all the violence that broke down, it seems like nothing happened. People are playing basketball DJ love daddy is talking about a new subject ignoring what happened last night. every(prenominal) day is a new page for this people. Oblique shots are shots taken at a tilted angle.Straight lines become diagonals which gives a shot an overwhelming feeling in an unstable world. Figure 6A Oblique shot, Mayor Figure 6B Oblique shot, MotheSister The conversations between the Mayor and Mother Sister where taking at an oblique angle. I think the reason behind this is to highlight the unstable an unbalanced relationship between th em. Lighting styles The movie took place on a hot day in summer, since it is a story about a movie about one day, lighting is going to change from bright in the morning, brighter in the afternoon, less(prenominal) brighter at sunset, night which is dark and finally the next morning.There was a lot of emphasis on how it was really hot, so it is important that the brightness to stand out. Spike Lee kind of showed us how hot it is. There was a scene where could see the heat waves surrounding the tree old men on the sidewalk. The lighting in the riot scene in the end was great, it was very realistic and it captured the audience emotionally, especially those who have memories of such riots. Symbolism I believe that there was a lot of symbolism in the movie in fact each character epitomized something, of the struggle in a black neighbourhood.For example, Sal and the Korean symbolize the irony of them taking more money from the black community more than the businesses of the blacks themse lves, and they do not live in the neighbourhood. The mentally challenged guy and the pictures of Marter L. King and Malcom X are connected, where there is a double grief, first is on the guy himself, I think people felt sorry for him, and the second grief was the monitor of Malcom X and Martin passing away, both these factors probably affected the audience emotionally.Bugginout wants African Americans on the wall in Sals restaurant Radio Raheem is make noise off fight the power song. There are many others symbols in this movie and the nature, location and story it requires these symbolisms, that adds al little spice to movie and affects the audience emotionally. Colour Like the lighting the colour helps us associate to the weather. Different tones ranging from orange, red, and yellow were used. These colours can also be interpreted in the characters emotions. The main colour was red to emphasize that it is hot.He uses other colours in calmer place such as in Mookies girlfriends ro om, which was blue. I believe that Spike Lee sis a good job in playing around with colours Conclusion Do the right thing is a movie that gets you to think. You get laughs out of it some others cry. The techniques used in the movies are the reason why it is considered to be a successful movie. The way he portray the black community struggling from the different scenes and characters will leave an impact on whoever watches the movie.

Cognitive Approach Essay

Abstract There are pros and cons to everything in life. Beca procedure I just started my discipline program, I was interested in researching the positive and negatives effects of an comprehension classroom. I wondered, what exactly were the positive effects this type of setting had on its special education population? I corroborate always felt, in my opinion, that cellular inclusion classrooms are helpful in numerous ways, but now it was time to see if research agreed. History and Background In the past special education disciples were separated from general education students. At the federal level, the recent No pincer Left Behind wreak (2001) and the current and previous versions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997, 2004) require access to the general education curriculum for students with disabilities (Berry, 2006, p.490).Methodology An inclusion classroom, also known as a CTT or Collaborative Team breeding classroom, is a classroom that has both a gen eral education population, as well as special education population, combined together. This special education population consists of pip-squeakren with mild to moderate disabilities, including physical, emotional, and learning. According to Berry (2006) inclusion may be defined as 100% placement in age-appropriate general education or as a range of learning opportunities both within and outside the general education classroom (p.490). A teacher can evaluate various perceptions based on how the students communicate with each another(prenominal). Results Berry (2006) found that students with disabilities often have difficulty not only academically, but socially. Placing these students in an inclusion classroom, as opposed to the smaller setting of years ago, helps students to reach enormously.Depriving disabled children from participating in an inclusive classroom setting, may underestimate the extent to which these students might benefit from social interactions and, at the most, deprive them of critical opportunities for learning and participation that can lead to autonomy and empowerment in classroom interactions (Berry, 2006, p.492). Discussion Inclusion classrooms have two teachers, one that specialized in special education, while the other focuses on general education. While the classroom functions as any other classroom would, incorporating whole, group, and individualized instruction, the smaller classroom setting and extra adults in the room to be quite helpful in helping those students who were struggling. The teachers make sure to use varied learn techniquesand made sure to accommodate umpteen different learning styles in their lessons. Howard Gardner, an educational theorist, believed in the idea of multiple intelligences.Gardner believed every child learned differently. According to Berry (2006) it is important for the teachers to learn how their students learn best in order for them to achieve their fullest potential. The teacher also observe s how students interact with one another. incline/Limitations It has said that inclusion classrooms can hold back a general education student from progressing at a steady pace when students were paired with other struggling students. I also found the combination of students of all different academic levels to play a positive role. While the higher student helped the weaker student academically, both learned social skills. Conclusion Berry also discusses how language is a useful tool in an inclusion classroom. Berry discusses how reciprocal teaching is often used in these types of classrooms.Reciprocal teaching is a strategy in which the teacher uses talk to make her ideas clear. This talk is often focused slightly comprehension skills such as predicting, questioning, summarizing and clarifying (Berry, 2006). Why article was selected The education system has come a long way since before the No Child Left Behind Act. In the past, any child with special needs was placed on the fourth floor of the building, out of sight. When the general education students maxim any of the children with special needs, it was only at lunch, and they were easily identified because they were kept in small groups away from the other children. Today, inclusion has made it possible for many of children to interact and learn in the same environment as their peers. They are being treated as equals, rather than being hidden away in a corner.ReferenceBerry, R. (2006). Inclusion, power and community Teachers and students interpret the language of community in an inclusion classroom. American Educational Research Journal 43(3).

Solar Ray Collector

OBJECTIVE To deter bite the efficiency of the solar ray collector to a lower place mixed proveal conditions. 1. Illu bitation with halogen lamp. Water temperature ? e? 20C. a) Complete collector b) Collector without render scale 2. Illumination with halogen lamp. Water temperature ? e ? 60C. c) Complete collector d) Complete collector, cold common of song impinges e) Collector without glaze over plate f) Collector without glass plate, cold jet of air impinges INTRODUCTION solar ray collectorstransform solar radiation into hotness and ship that hop up to water. Then solar heat can be used for high temperature water, to back up heating systems.The heart of a solar collector is the absorber, which is usually composed of several narrow metal strips. The carrier fluid for heat transfer flows through a heat-carrying pipe, which is connected to the absorber strip. In plate-type absorbers, two sheets ar sandwiched together allowing the medium to flow mingled with the two sheets. Absorbers are typically made of copper or aluminum. CALCULATION Important formula for figure the serviceable power, PN and efficiency, ? 1. Useful power, PN = c m (? o ? i) where, m = 100 g/min = 1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s c = specific thermal capacity of water = 4. 182 kJ/kg K o = average absorber outlet temperature ?i = average absorber inlet temperature 2. Efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) where, qi = 1 kW/m2 A = 0. 12 m2 Sample computing PART A I. Complete collector ( t=15 min ) useable power, PN = c m (? o ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg K) (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s) (32. 5 28. 5) K = 0. 0279 kW efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0279kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 232 II. Complete without glass plate ( t=15min ) useful power, PN = c m (? o ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg K) (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s) (35. 0 30. 0) K = 0. 0348 kW efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0279kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 2 m2) = 0. 29 PART B I. Complete collector ( t=15 min ) useful power, PN = c m (? o ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg K ) (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s) (50. 0 -50. 5) K = 3. 49 W efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 3. 49W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 029 II. Collector without glass plate ( t=10min ) useful power, PN = c m (? o ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg K) (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s) (52. 0 -52. 0) K = 0. 0 W efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0 W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 0 III. Complete collector, cold jet of air impinges ( t=15 min ) useful power, PN = c m (? o ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg K) (1. 67 x 10-3 kg/s) (51. 5-51. 5) K = 0. 0 W efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0 W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 0 IV. Collector without glass plate , cold jet of air impinges ( t=15min ) useful power, PN = c m (? o ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg K) (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s) (43. 0 49. 0) K = 0. 0418 kW efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0418 kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 349 DISCUSSION In this laboratory session, we go conducted an experiment regarding solar Ray Collector. The main idea of this experiment is to determine the effi ciency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions.Theoretically, solar collectors transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to a medium (water, solar fluid, or air). Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems. The efficiency of a solar collector is defined as the quotient of operable thermal energy versus received solar energy. Absorbers are usually b lose, as dark surfaces demonstrate a particularly high degree of light absorption. The level of absorption indicates the amount of solar radiation cosmos absorbed that means not being reflected.As the absorber warms up to a temperature higher than the ambient temperature, it gives off a great part of the accumulated solar energy in form of heat rays. From the vary A of the experiment we can observed that the temperature increases for collector with glass is lesser than collector without a glass. This is because for the condition without glass plate, the light emit ted from the halogen lamp not being reflected. Thus the light is emitted directed to the solar ray collector and gives their sufficient efficiency without any disturbance or obstacles.In other scenario, collector with the glass plate, the light that emitted from the halogen lamp is being reflected by the glass plate and also reduced the heat that cross from the glass to the solar collector and thence reduced their efficiency. When the glass is placed, the supreme efficiency recorded was 0. 23 and when the glass is not used the maximum efficiency reached 0. 29. Efficiency indicates how well an energy conversion or transfer process is accomplished. In Part B , we can said that when we use heated water around 60? C, we can agnize that PN and ? ecome constant zero at the end of the time for natural air with glass. This is because the inlet and outlet temperature have become the same. So we can say that there is no useful power in the system. For the experiment that using the blower, the useful power and efficiency of the absorber for the blower without glass plate is higher than blower with glass plate. This is because the air from the blower relieves the heat from the surface of the absorber thus directly reducing the effectiveness of the absorber significantly. There are several error that occurred while we doing the experiment.First is as parallax errors, for instance the reading of the thermometer not taken precisely. Thus it great power be give a slightly error in the data . If the parallax errors occurred, it might influence the results and calculation that we got. Secondly is to get temperature of water at 60 CelsiusC and sometime the temperature drop and affected the heat exchanger. Besides, we are having challengingy in order to maintain the flow rate of 100 cm3/min, because it sometimes goes shovel in and up. Thus we have to check it frequently and its quite disturbing because we also need to take meter for every minutes for 15 minutes.Moreover t he thermometer is not precise because it scale is only 0. 5. Thus it is very difficult to get a correct measurement CONCLUSION In conclusion, we can say that this experiment has gain its objectives since we can determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. In this experiment we can said that, the greater heat losses of the absorber the higher its temperature. Although there a lack of technique in handling the apparatus, we managed to complete the experiment with the guide of instructor.

Assessment of the Essay of “the Fourth World War Has Begun

Globalization is a answer that integrates all the nations around the humanness, by the unification of spheric rescue with the worldwide exchange of products and services (David, 2002). With that unification, the other matters, such as politics, technology, corking, repulse force and husbandry, all urinate to support a international interaction and fusion. The rapid developments of information and telecommunication technology in new years, as well as the construction of infrastructure like transportation, have promoted and accelerated the globalisation process by connecting people to a greater extent closely and compressing the time and post for communication.As a result, the nations be becoming more closely interdep eradicateent in todays world. The iv basic aspects of globalisation identified by the IMF (International Monetary Fund) in 2000 includes the trade and transactions cross b lay outs, capital flow and investment, international migration of people and spread o f knowledge. Globalization is a kinda controvertial topic and the supporters and opponents are some(prenominal) numerous. The essay of The Fourth World War Has Begun by Marcos focuses on the negative sides of globalisation on a global perspective.First, the greedy and warlike logic of contemporary capitalism and foodstuffs, which has prospered since the end of the Cold War, is described. A recognition of globalization as world war has been provided, and this war is fought mingled with the candidates of ruling power of world economy, and the victims are the poor and the humanity, as well as the independence of conjure ups and national culture. What the war seeks is a redistribution of the world, and in the process more serious inequality has been caused.The national states have been subordinated to the logic of transnational financial power and mercantile free trade, and are reduced to play the sole role of securing markets. Then a fragmented world caused by globalization, which intends on the unification, is descried. And the tattered picture contains seven pieces that could non be combined together. The seven pieces are inequality and meagreness, globalization of exploitation, migration of people, the globalization of crime and state power, legitimate violence, the appendage of mega-politics, and the various forms of resistance. In the end of the essay, a fable is presented.The perspectives of Marcos will be assessed in the following respects. 1. Is globalization essentially evil? The interactions between people and states are necessary and inevitable with the progress of human society. It is recognized that the trade benefits all participants in the respect of absolute advantage and comparative advantage of goods production by different entities. The globalization has achieved this name and address as the worldwide trade is realized in a single major market fall in by the whole world. In that unified economic world produced by neoliberalism, t he commodities not the people circularise freely.But the problem is the problem of justice for the current pattern of unification. Marcos has declared in the essay that the globalization has caused a fragmented world rather than a wholesome one, as certain groups of people who are no use to the new economy, like the indigenous, have been excluded, and it is the purpose of the ZNLA (Zapatista National Liberation Army) to maintain the unification of the Mexico plain rather than split. It is declared that the threatening factors to the indigenous include the exploitation of the natural resources, environment pollution and so on.The fragmentation and inequality problem caused by the globalization are the results of the neo-liberal logic. The principles of free competition and maximization of single(a) profits classify people in the categories of winner and loser (Angelis, 2005). Those who are not adapted to the agreement are rejected as losers. As the economy framework is fundamenta lly designed based on the western ideas and criteria, the extension of it to other parts of the world would surely encounter resists and inadaptations.Under the claim of globalization, the transnational enterprises give chase the maximization of profits by the organization of primary materials, labor force, capital, technology, production process and consuming market on a worldwide scale. All the nations and regions that are serviceable to the process are reshaped and included in the major market. In the reorganization process, the resistant factors of people, culture, internal industry and market, as well as policy-making system, have to be wiped out.The unification of the world may be the trend for the future, but it could not be make in a mode which is dominated by a sole culture, that of the western world. The diversification of the nations and regions have to be respected, considered and structured in the system harmoniously. 2. Is globalization bad for the poor? In the e ssay, Marcos argues that globalization has exacerbated the problem of inequality and poverty. It is declared that the wealth have been accumulated for the few and the poverty for the majority of people. And more poverty is produced by with the progress of the major transnational companies.Whether the globalization has worsened the inequality problem is rather controversial. Lindert & Williamson (2003) argued that the globalization of products and factor markets probably has alleviated the rapid rise of income inequality between countries that are integrated into the global economy. It is found that the income distributions are converged in countries which are integrated more fully in the global economy, and the distributions are diverged between the active participants and the countries that remain isolated from the global economy.And among the participants in the global market, the effects are different regarding to the development award of the country the highly advanced, the re gions of new settlement and the rest. And for the income inequality within nations, the effect globalization has gone both ways. For example, it is indicated that the market-oriented trade rest and globalization in Brazil, i. e. , the Mercosur trade reform, has a redistributing and pro-poor effect. It has been shown that the outlay good prices decreased after entering the Mercosur.Decreased poverty has been found after national trade liberalization but no significant inequality effects have been obtained (Borraz et al, 2012). It is found that both the inequality and poverty decreased with rising export exposure but the poverty increased with import penetration (Castilho, 2012). 3. The unemployment caused by the globalization It is argued in the essay the economic growth of companies has produced unemployment, poverty and precariousness of the workers by the reorganization of the economy process, namely, the production, circulation and consumption of goods.With that rearrangement i s the reorganization of work force and destruction of small and medium companies, which causes an excess of workforce that is useable and precarious treatments for them. Inevitably, the migration for work becomes a nightmare for those without a job. It is indicated that the jobless growth has been made in the recent decades by the globalization of labor market, as the structure of economy has undergone a great change, which is indicated in the essay, as the workforce for agriculture has shrunk, and the service tertiary industry has greatly expanded.So the traditional jobs are reduced eyepatch new kinds of jobs have been created in the process, but they are not made for the indigenous people collectible to the cultural and educational factors. The unemployment indicated by Marcos is categorized as the structural unemployment, which is caused by the restructuring of the global economy and the emergence of global labor market due to the technology revolution (Overbeek, 2003).The glo balization is characterized as a stage of intensified commoditization in the global economy, where the globalization of labor markets is manifested. It is argued by Overbeek (2003) that this structural transformation is accompanied by the emergence of global neo-liberalism, as ideological orientation is permeated by the hegemonic concept of control. The competitiveness has become a key imperative and caused a massive shedding for the labor force, especially in the time of recession and economy crisis.The labor market reforms carried out in the 1990s were seen as one of the spear points of capitalistic restructuring, not only by national presidential terms and by international organizations, but also by stock pressure groups. And in this process, unemployment has been defined as a trouble of individual employability and personal ability, rather than a result of the economy cycle. The recent global economy slowdown may produce a decrease of employment, and a re-alignment of labor force may be issued, which would produce a redistributive labor. 4. The role of the government in the globalization processMarcos declares that with down fall the national market, the material base of the state are dissipated by the power of free commercial message markets, and the governments have been reduced to the economy managers and are commanded or teleconmmanded by the mega-enterprises, and the rights and interests of the citizens could not be protected. Not only the material bases of the states are destroyed, but also the history and culture of nations. This may be not true for all the countries that participate in global economy, as the national independent rights are not devoured in that degree.However, it is authentic that government policies are influenced by the major transnational commercial powers. There are various evidences for this argument. Rogowsk (2005) has studied the restraining of governmental policy by the capital mobility in the wind of globalization an d neo-liberalism. With the progress of globalization, capital flow faster and more easily between nations. In order to attract more investment, countries compete more actively and carry out capital-accommodating policies, composition the local preferences or factor endowments are less regarded.It is controvertial whether the developing countries would benefit from the globaliziaiton when speculating the problem from different perspectives. Lindert & Williamson (2003) indicates that the countries that benefit most from the globalization are the developing countries that have adjusted their polices to make use of it, while those have not done that achieved the least. Besides the difference of effect on participants and non-participants, the impacts of different sources of globalization are also different. The influence of globalization on national economy depends on the position of the state in the global economy chain.The countries that scarce provide natural and human resources ar e at the least significant end of the economy chain, while the developed countries with advantages in technology, capital and market enjoy most of the gains of the economy globaliziation. Without the development of national industry, the conditions of state could not be improved fundamentally and the growth is unsustainable. However, if the transformation and promotion of the national enterprises could be achieved in the globalization process, the country becomes a real beneficiary. The expeience of China is a good example of benefiting from globalization.While the Afircan and Ltain American countries undergo a slower progress and the economy mode has not been changed at root. The essential reason is the policy-making independence of the state government. If the government fell to be the managers for the major transnational economy as stated in the essay, the state could not achieve a substantial development and industry transformation. And the independent government could also pro tect the history and culture of the state in the wave of globalization, ensuring the independence and integrity of the culture and achieving an advancement by the interaction with foreign cultures.